International markets Essay Online For Fre - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2215 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Critically discuss the various modes of entry for which an organisation can internationalise their operations. Is there one mode that is preferred above others? Introduction to Foreign Market Entry Modes An organisation has a number of different entry modes to choose from when it internationalizes its operations. This essay will focus on the different types of foreign entry modes organisations have to choose from. As well as what organisational circumstances, goals, and objectives are best suited to the types of different entry modes. Examples will also be given of organisations which have used these different entry modes when going international. There is no one entry mode that is superior to another, instead the organisations circumstances, goals, and objectives will be best suited to a certain entry mode. An organisations internal resources and capabilities, and the environment of the country of entry are other important considerations when choosing the foreign entry mode. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International markets Essay Online For Fre" essay for you Create order Changes Leading to Internationalization Changes in the internal and external environment have meant that more and more firms are expanding their operations across country borders. External factors such as: the removal of trade barriers, free trade agreements between countries, and an emerging middle class has made the idea of going global more attractive to organisations across the world. Internal factors such as: increasing profits, increasing market share and becoming a global brand are more drivers for organisations to globalise. Whilst there are a lot of drivers of internationalisation, and hence potential advantages to internationalise, there is no one best entry mode. All organisations will have different reasons for going global, which will have an influence on which entry mode is best suited to them. An organisation will need to determine their desired level of commitment, flexibility, control, presence and risk when going global, in order to choose the entry mode which best suits their situation. A numb er of foreign entry modes exist, including: exporting, licensing, franchising, joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary. The following section will analyse these foreign entry modes in greater detail. Types of Foreign Entry Modes Exporting Exporting is a cross border sale of domestically grown or produced goods Cavusgil, 2004). There are three types of exporting: indirect exporting, direct exporting and cooperative exporting. Indirect exporting is the most low risk entry mode as there is effectively no exposure to the foreign market and its associated risks (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). The organisation is merely selling their product to an agent in the foreign market who then sells the product on to an intermediary. Exporting is a common method used by organisations when they first enter a new market. Organisations choose this options as its low risk, it requires less commitment, and gets their brand exposure to the new market. A number of organisations choose indirect export as an entry mode to see if the foreign market is receptive of their brand. In situations where the foreign market is receptive, an organisation may choose to further ingrain their presence in the foreign market with higher commitment, higher presence, and higher risk foreign entry mode strategies (Cavusgil, 2004). Exporting has become more prevalent across the globe due to the removal of trade barriers, and transport becoming cheaper and more efficient (Shaver, 2011). A direct export is the same as an indirect export except that it doesnt involve an agent who sells the good to the intermediary. Direct exporting is a very common entry mode used by organisations who want exposure to a foreign market, but want to limit the risks associated with other types of entry modes. The Austrian energy drink Red Bull entered Australia using direct export as its entry mode. Red Bull is the leading energy drink brand in the Australian market, holding a 36% market share (Speedy, 2011). This case of Red Bull supports that exporting can be a very successful foreign entry mode strategy. Cooperative exporting is another exporting option that organisations can use as a foreign market entry strategy. Organisations use this entry mode by entering an agreement with another foreign or local organisation to use its distribution network (Kotler Armstrong 2012). This entry mode allows organisations reach to the foreign market without the associated risks that come with other entry modes. Cooperative exporting is generally mutually beneficial, provided the goods being exported dont impede the sale of other products being sold (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). For cooperative exporting to be successful the exported product should complement, as oppose to compete against other products being sold. US chewing gum company Wrigley successfully entered the Indian market using cooperative export as their foreign entry mode. Wrigley entered a cooperative export agreement with Parrys, a local confectionery company, by doing so Wrigley gained access to 250,000 retail outlets (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Licensing International licensing is a cross border agreement that permits organisations in the target country the rights to use the property of the licensor (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). This property is generally intangible and includes: trademarks, patents, and production techniques. The licensee is required to pay a fee in exchange for the rights specified in the contract between the parties. Licensing is commonly chosen because its low risk, has low exposure to economic and political conditions, has high return on investment and is preferred by local governments (Agrawal Ramaswami, 1992). Microsoft Corp and Walt Disney Co are two examples of large multinationals that have had success in foreign markets using licensing as their entry mode. Whilst licensing in these examples have been very successful and undoubtedly the right foreign market entry mode, licensing does have its limitations. Licensing can reduce the potential profit of outright ownership, affect the image of the brand du e to lack of control over licensee, and nurture a potential future competitor (Brouthers, 2013). Franchising Franchising is a foreign market entry strategy where a semi-independent business owner (the franchisee) pays fees and royalties to the franchiser to use a companys trademark and sell its products and/or services (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). The terms and conditions of a franchise package vary depending on the contract, however it generally includes: equipment, operations and management manual, staff training, and location approval (Alon, 2014). Franchising is commonly used and a largely successful method of cross border market entry, however organisations pursuing this entry mode need to consider both the positive and negative aspects of franchising. The most common advantages of franchising are that it capitalises on an already successful strategy, the franchisee generally has local knowledge, its less risky than equity based foreign entry modes, and the franchisor isnt exposed to risks associated with the foreign market (Alon, 2014). Subway, 7-Eleven, Pizza Hut, and McDona lds are just a few examples of organisations that have been successful using franchising as their foreign market entry mode. Subway was founded in 1965 in the United States; using franchising as a foreign market entry strategy it has grown to have over 42,000 stores in 107 countries. Subway is now the worlds largest franchise and highlights how successful franchising can be (Subway, 2014). Just like in the case of Subway, franchising allows for rapid expansion that would be unlikely using other foreign entry modes. Whilst in general, franchising is a popular and successful mode for foreign market entry, there are a few potential shortcomings. These shortcomings include: decreased brand quality due to not having full control over franchises, not maximising profit as franchisor only receives a royalty fee and not the full profit made, and the possibility of nurturing a future competitor. Whilst these potential shortcomings could be detrimental to an organisation, franchising is continually chosen as a foreign market entry mode as franchisors believe that the rewards outweigh the risks. Joint Venture An organisation may choose a joint venture as their foreign market entry mode for a number of different reasons, for example: to divide the risk with other parties, to leverage of each others strengths etc. However if a joint venture is to be successful the two or more organisations that form the joint venture must/should have common objectives in regards to: the market of entry, acceptable levels of risk/reward of the market entered, the sharing of technology, joint product development and the following of local government laws (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Joint ventures often thrive if the following conditions are present between the partners: converging goals, small market share compared to the market leader, and are able to learn from one another without surrendering their competitive advantage or intellectual property (Chang, Chung Moon, 2012). Under the right circumstances, a joint venture can allow an organisation to gain access to a new market which it previously wou ldnt have been able to do so by itself. The main restriction in this situation is generally the local government. A local government may choose to impose restrictions on wholly owned foreign investment for a number of reasons, such as: threat to local players, threat to the environment, threat to the long term prosperity of the industry etc. A real life example of this is Singapore Airlines entering the Indian market. The Indian government imposes restrictions on foreign airlines entering the local airline industry as a wholly owned subsidiary (The Indian Express, 2014). However Singapore Airlines entered a joint venture with the Tata group, and owns a 49% stake in the SIA/Tata alliance (The Indian Express, 2014). Whilst SIA wanted to enter the Indian domestic airline market with maximum presence, entering as a wholly owned subsidiary was not possible. Entering as a joint venture in this situation was the best entry mode for SIA as it allowed maximum exposure, maximum commitm ent, maximum flexibility and maximum potential rewards. Wholly Owned Subsidiary A wholly owned subsidiaries is the process where by an organisation enters a foreign market with 100% ownership of the foreign entity (Yiu Makino, 2002). The two ways that wholly owned subsidiaries come about is through either acquisition or greenfield operations. Acquisition is the purchase of a foreign organisation as a way to enter a new market. A greenfield operation is the creation of a new organisation and legal entity in the foreign market. A number of organisations that want to limit their risk, while maximising their exposure to the foreign market will choose acquisition as their entry mode. This is because an acquisition uses an already established brand name and customer base. However neither acquisition or greenfield are seen as superior to one another, the entry mode which is more beneficial is dependent upon the organisations circumstances, goals and objectives. Wholly owned subsidiaries incur more risks than all the entry modes previously mentioned, however if implemented correctly and in the right circumstances, it generally results in high rewards (profits). An organisation that enters a market as a wholly owned subsidiary has: high control, high commitment, high presence and high risk/reward. A wholly owned subsidiary allows an organisation to reach diverse geographic regions, markets and different industries. Through entering the correct markets and with good management a wholly owned subsidiary is a good hedge against market changes, such as political changes, legal changes and declines in different sectors (Yiu Makino, 2002). Conclusion No one entry mode is considered to be superior to one another. When an organisation is choosing to internationalise their operations, they will first need to decide what its optimal levels of: commitment, flexibility, control, presence and risk are in order to select the most appropriate entry mode. An organisations internal resources and capabilities are another important consideration when choosing the foreign entry mode. The market of entry is also another important consideration for the organisation planning to internationalize their operations. A PESTLE analysis of the foreign market will help the firm to gain a better understanding of the market environment. The process for an organisation to internationalize their operations is often quite difficult, and so is the process of choosing the foreign market entry mode. Its for this reason that there is no superior foreign market entry mode. From the examples given its clear that each entry mode can be successful if implemen ted in the right circumstances. References Agrawal, S., Ramaswami, S. (1992). Choice of Foreign Market Entry Mode: Impact of Ownership, Location and Internalization Factors. Journal of International Business Studies. Volume 23, No. 1. pp. 1- 27. Alon, I. (2014). Global Franchising Operations Management: Cases in Franchise, International, and Emerging Markets Operations. Australia. Angus Robertson. Brouthers, K. (2013). Institutional, cultural, and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance. International Business Studies. Volume 44. pp 203-221 Cavusgil, S. (2004). Differences among exporting firms based on their degree of internationalization. Journal of Business Research. Volume 12, Issue 2. pp. 195-208 Chang, S., Chung, J., Moon, J. (2012). When do wholly owned subsidiaries perform better than joint ventures? . Strategic Management Journal. Volume 34, Issue 3. pp. 317- 337. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2012). Principles of Marketing. Australia: Pearson. Shaver, J. (2011). The bene fits of geographic sales diversification: How exporting facilitates capital investment. Strategic Management Journal. Volume 32, Issue 10. pp. 1046- 1060. Speedy, B. (2011). Popular energy drinks have the majors buzzing. The Australian. [Online] Available on https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/popular-energy-drinks-have-the-majors-buzzing/story-e6frg8zx-1225985880656 [accessed 3rd July 2014]. Subway. (2014). Facts and History. [Online] Available from https://www.subway.co.uk/business/franchise/facts_and_history.aspx [Accessed 3rd July 2014]. The Indian Express. (2014). Tata-Singapore Airlines JV expects operator permit next month, ops in Sept. Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/tata-singapore-airlines-jv-expects-operator-permit-next-month-ops-in-sept/. [Accessed 4th July 2014]. Yiu, D., Makino, S. (2002). The Choice Between Joint Venture and Wholly Owned Subsidiary: An Institutional Perspective. Organization Science. Volume 13 , Issue 6. pp. 667-683

Healthcare Today Is Not The Same - 2036 Words

Healthcare today is not the same as it was ten years ago. Healthcare today is more demanding especially with the rise of patients visiting our emergency facilities the more problematic that it can be. With the rise of patients come greater risk and responsibilities with less healthcare providers and more patients, with the same problem that exist in the healthcare system still being very relevant. The medical field have claimed more lives as a result of medical error than we could ever imagined. Like in life most drastic changes usually occurs after a repetitive tragedy has happened. In the healthcare field those tragedies are but not limited to: medical errors, the quality of care or the lack of, the cost of healthcare, and patient†¦show more content†¦They are many different type of CDS system available, choosing one depends on the organization, because the organization will know more about their needs as well as their budget and ultimately which CDS system is best suited for their work environment. Despite the numerous variety of CDS system available the basic functions that they all have in common are: the ability to aid in diagnosing, determining best work up strategy, help in the treatment selection, provide dose calculations, set alerts and reminders along with providing the healthcare provider with results and many more functions that may vary between the systems. For this paper, I will be comparing two CDS system. The CDS systems is Epic system and Soarian. Epic system was introduced in the 1970s by a computer programmer called Judith Faulkner. It was not always known as Epic, it was originally known as Human Services Computing Inc. and it was mainly for medical research. Eventually it started to serve a new purpose, using a longitudinal record and the data was collected from a variety of places like: inpatient and outpatient facilities, insurance companies, and ambulatory services. Their main goal was to develop a system would have an infinite

Blithe Spirit By Noel Coward Essay Research free essay sample

Blithe Spirit By Noel Coward Essay, Research Paper Blithe Spirit written by Noel Coward was foremost published in 1941. Noel Coward was known for his sophisticated comedies of modern life ( Seymour, Smith 261 ) . It is sophisticated yet screaming to the readers. Seymour and Smith stated that Coward? s dramas, ? are within their admittedly-but unashamedly-extremely narrow bounds, accurate truthful, misanthropic and amusing? ( 261 ) . It is one of the greatest travesties of all time written. Blithe Spirit is the narrative of Charles Condomine who loses his married woman, Elvira, at a immature age. Charles remarries a lady named Ruth. The twosome decides to hold a s # 1081 ; ance to acquire some thoughts for a novel that Charles is in the procedure of authorship. After the s # 1081 ; ance is complete, Elvira? s spirit is conjured up and merely Charles can see her. Ruth thought he had gone huffy, and she was rather perturbed with him. Finally, Elvira reveals herself to Ruth by traveling objects in forepart of her. We will write a custom essay sample on Blithe Spirit By Noel Coward Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Elvira decides that she wants Charles to be in the spirit universe with her. Frankincense, she tries to kill him in legion ways. Elvira tamping bars with the brakes on Charles auto, but Ruth takes the auto that forenoon and dies in an accident. Now Charles is faced with two liquors speaking to him, and he calls on Madame Arcati to assist him acquire rid of the two liquors. Madame Arcati is the adult female who performed the s # 1081 ; ance in the get downing. Later, Charles finds out that Edith, a retainer, can see the two liquors. Once Madame Arcati knows that Edith can see the liquors, she realizes that Edith is the beginning to acquire rid of them. Madame Arcati? s s # 1081 ; ance does non work so Charles decides to take a trip off from the house. He gets in his auto, and it crashes at the span. This play is one of the greatest travesties because every one acts earnestly in amusing state of affairss. For illustration, when Madame Arcati is about to get down the first s # 1081 ; ance she steps outside and negotiations to the birds and Tells Charles? s guests that the fathead is angry. All the invitees yieldingly listen to the bird. It may look amusing to the reader but it besides nowadayss a sedate visual aspect. Harmonizing to Eric Bentley, ? if what travesty offers is the interaction of force and something else, it follows that force by itself is non the kernel of travesty? ( 243 ) . The force portrayed in this drama is non atrocious, and it gives no gory inside informations. It lightly discusses the decease of the characters in a amusing manner. An illustration of this is when Elvira tamping bars with the interruptions on the auto and Ruth while driving it gets into an accident. Elvira? s response to her taking the auto is a shriek that sounds like a banshie. Suddenly, Ruth? s spirit comes in, and she starts chasing after Elvira. Some people want their gags pleasant and harmless. It is common to interpret travesty as exactly the pleasant intervention of what normally would hold been an unpleasant topic ( Bentley 239 ) . One of the greatest 19th century farceur critics discusses his sentiment on modern twenty-four hours travesties, ? I had frequently P > complained that they bored us invariably with this inquiry of criminal conversation, which presents is the topic of three quarters of the dramas. Why, I asked, take pleasance in painting it? s dark and sad sides, enlarging on the dreadful effects which it brings with it in world? Our male parents took the thing more lightheartedly in the theater and even called criminal conversation by a name which awoke in the head merely thoughts of the pathetic and a sprightly carefreeness. . . . Opportunity brought it about that I met Labiche. ? I was really smitten, ? he said to me, ? with your observations on criminal conversation and on what could deduce from it. . .for travesty. . . I agree. . . ? I had about forgotten this conversation when I saw the rubric posted outside the Palais Royal. . . .It was my drama: it was adultery treated lightheartedly? ( Bentley 238 ) . Although Blithe Spirit did non portray any criminal conversation, Sarcey made an first-class point that a travesty has to stay lighthearted through any bad state of affairs in order to be sought amusing by the audience ( 243 ) . Coward wrote this drama in England during World War II. He did non compose this comedy to insight laughter during a dark minute but to simply compose a amusing play ( Bentley 236 ) . Blithe Spirit is so a fantastic comedy for polished, high-strung audiences. It is a combination comedy that turns itself into a amiable shade narrative. As Madame Arcati says, ? nil has of all time been decidedly proved about anything? ( Fulton 516 ) . In this universe, a batch of things go on around us that we may non understand or be able to explicate with ground. Peoples are disposed to brush aside something they do non understand or reject something supernatural. In the existence, there is still the unobserved kingdom for us to research. Therefore, audiences are more willing to see dramas if they are intertwined with a amusing turn. As Coward provinces, ? Blithe Spirit is an unlikely travesty, in which things are supposed to wing to and fro? ( Fulton 465 ) . The most amusing character in the drama would decidedly be Madame Arcati. She is a brawny older adult female that rides a bike everyplace she goes. The town? s people all think she is a spot unusual, but her character lightens up the drama dramatically. She is the lone character in this drama that is portrayed comically. However, the audience may comprehend the other characters as amusing despite the portraiture of serious state of affairss. As proven, Blithe Spirit has many features of a great travesty. As celebrated antecedently, Seymour and Smith? s position of this play is highly narrow. Yet, it consists of misanthropic and amusing traits ( 243 ) . Overall, Blithe Spirit gives a fantastic illustration of wit in extraordinary fortunes. Eric, Bentley. The Life of The Drama. New York: Henry Holt A ; Company, 1967. A.R. , Fulton. Drama And Theatre Illustrated By Seven Modern Plays. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1946. Martin, Seymour-Smith. Funk A ; Wagnalls Guide to Modern World Literature. New York: Funk A ; Wagnalls, 1973

Research Paper on Social Learning Theory Essay Example

Research Paper on Social Learning Theory Essay Social Learning Theory (sometimes abbreviated SLT) postulates that a child better learns new behaviors by observing his peers and imitating the patterns of behavior that are the subject of rewards and not punishments – that is the main concept of the â€Å"observational learning†). This theory is used in various fields including research, psychology, sociology, criminology and the â€Å"Planning theory.† The social learning theory is derived from the work of Cornell Montgomery (1843-1904), who proposed that social learning occurred through the four main stages: close contact, imitation of superiors, understanding of concepts, and a model behavior to follow. Julian B. Rotter moved away from theories based on psychosis and radical behaviorism, and developed a theory of learning based on interaction. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954), Rotter suggests that the outcome of behavior has an impact on the motivation of people to perform that specific behavior. People want to avoid the negative consequences, and get positive. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Social Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If one expects a positive outcome of a behavior, or thinks there is a high chance of producing a positive result, then there will be more likely to implement such behavior. The behavior is reinforced, with positive consequences, leading the person to repeat it. This social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by factors or stimuli of the environment, not only by the psychological. The theory of Bandura ‘s social learning defines three procurement procedures which have their source in the environment of the individual : so-called Vicarious learning is that resulting from imitation by observing a pair performing a behavior to acquire (trainer or member – leader – group); Social facilitation, which means improving the performance of the individual as a result of the presence of one or more observers – which makes group training a preferable option in many cases; Cognitive anticipation is the integration of a response by reasoning from similar situations – which will lead to the methods of cognitive educability. Vygotsky had also worked on the learning theory that emphasized the social component. Transposed to the educational process, it considered that learning process occurs first in a collective activity supported by the trainer and the social group, and further when an individual activity becomes an internalized property. Bruner adds an additional element: the role of â€Å"cultural atmosphere† of the individual. Learning and success of it also depends on culture – ethos habitus, symbolic system – in which the individual evolves. John Friedmann has introduced the social learning theory in the theories of planning. This approach advocates learning by experience and practice of the groups involved in planning actions in their environment. If you need to know what the procedure of proper scientific writing is, we propose you to use free research paper on social learning theory. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Social Learning Theory topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!